Agnew, Vijay. "Canadian Feminism and Women of Color." Women's Studies International Forum 1993, 16, 3, May­June, 217­227.

It is argued that women of color have been excluded from mainstream feminist practice in Canada not as a result of their culture & values, but from their powerlessness based on class, race, & immigrant status. The racial bias of feminist theory & practice in the first & second waves of the women's movement is documented, along with the absence, exclusion, & marginalization of women of color. The acknowledgment of the different oppressions of women has not eliminated bias nor changed the structure of dominant­subordinate relations between white feminists & feminists of color. An illustrative example of a coalition between black & white feminists is offered, showing the difficulty of establishing sisterhood across race & class lines.

Akbari, Ather H. "The Public Finance Impact of Immigrant Population on Host Nations: Some Canadian Evidence" Social Science Quarterly 1991, 72, 2, June, 334-346.

The impact of immigrant groups of various world origins on Canadian public finance is examined from the perspective of the life­cycle theory of consumption, saving, & investment, which holds that a society with a relatively large number of young workers will experience a higher savings level. Since immigrants are usually young on arrival, it is expected that they will benefit the host country through public funds transfers. Analysis of data from the household/family file of the 1981 Canadian Census of Population reveals that, regardless of origin, immigrants benefit the Canadian­born population through the public treasury, with UK immigrants providing the highest benefit, followed by US immigrants.

Akbari, Ather H. Economics of immigration and racial discrimination: a literature survey (1970­1989) Ottawa: Multiculturalism & Citizenship, 1989.

Aliaga, David. "Italian Immigrants in Calgary: Dimensions of Cultural Identity" Canadian Ethnic Studies 1994, 26, 2, 141-148.

Anderton, Joan M. Helen Elfert and Magdalene Lai. "Ideology in the Clinical Context: Chronic Illness, Ethnicity and the Discourse on Normalisation." Sociology of Health and Illness; 1989, 11, 3, Sept, 253­278.

Based on a comparative study examining how Chinese & white families (N = 15 Chinese immigrant & 15 Anglo­Canadian families, interviewed 3 times in their homes) manage the care of a chronically ill child, the circumstances of their lives that shape their experience of illness are explored. The ideology of normalization is used to show how professional ideologies serve as a means of distinguishing families who comply & those who do not. In other words, the ideology, & the moral discourse on normalization, permit professionals to evaluate families & to categorize them, with consequences for patient care. This ideology is not based on "value­free professional theories," but is located within the moral order. The sociopolitical, economic, & historical factors that underpin the ideology are discussed.

Angus Reid Group. Immigration to Canada: Aspects of Public Opinion. Winnipeg: Angus Reid Group, 1989.

Anisef, Paul, ed. Learning and sociological profiles of Canadian high school students : an overview of 15 to 18 year olds and educational policy implications for dropouts, exceptional students, employed students, immigrant students, and native youth. Lewiston, NY : Edwin Mellen Press, 1994.

Ashworth, Mary. Blessed with bilingual brains : education of immigrant children with English as a second language. Vancouver: Pacific Educational Press, 1988.

Baker, Richard P. "The Adaptation and Ethnicity of Polish Immigrants in Toronto: The Solidarity Wave" Canadian Ethnic Studies 1989, 21, 3, 74­90.

An effort is made to determine the nature of ethnicity among recent ("Solidarity wave") Polish immigrants in Toronto, Ontario. It is argued that the ethnic identity of immigrants has no economic underpinning, since discrimination against previous immigrant groups no longer persists; rather, the problem is a result of economic status competition. Ethnicity is a cultural phenomenon, & exhibits the tendency toward attenuation & increasingly symbolic importance typical of white North American immigrant groups.

Basran, G.S. "Indo-Canadian Families Historical Constraints and Contemporary Contradictions" Journal of Comparative Family Studies 1993, 24, 3, 339-352.

Berry, John W., Rudolf Kalin and Donald M. Taylor. Multiculturalism and Ethnic Attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1977.

Bolaria, B. Singh, and Peter S. Li. Racial oppression in Canada. Toronto : Garamond Press, 1985.

Brunet, Jean et al. Migration and the transformation of cultures. Toronto : Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1992.

Canadian Bar Association. Recent changes to Canadian/U.S. immigration laws : the Free Trade Agreement & Canadian selection criteria. Toronto : Canadian Bar Association­Ontario, Continuing

Legal Education, 1989.

Canadian Bar Association. Canadian immigration law into the nineties : Friday, November 24, 1989 CBAO Education & Meeting Centre, Toronto, Ont.: Canadian Bar Association­Ontario, 1989.

Canadian Bar Association. National Immigration Law Section.

Submission on Bill C­44 : an Act to amend the Immigration Act and the Citizenship Act and to make a consequential amendment to the Customs Act Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Bar Association, 1994.

Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. "What are the Key Elements of a Strategy for Integrating Newcomers into Canadian Society?" 1994 Immigration Consultations: The Report of Working Group #5. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1994.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada (Dept.) Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) : guide for applicants Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1993.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada (Dept.) Canada : a source book for orientation, language and settlement workers. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1991.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada (Dept.) Your rights and Canada's immigration law Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Service Canada, 1986.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada (Dept.) Canada's immigration law Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1993.

Canada. Immigration and Refugee Board. Annual report / Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1989.

Canada. Manpower and Immigration. Three Years in Canada: First Report of the Longitudinal Survey on the Economic and Social Adaptation of Immigrants. Ottawa: Minister of supply and Services Canada, 1974.

Canada. Multiculturalism. Ethnicity, immigration and language transfer Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1991.

Canada. Immigration Act. The Immigration Act, Regulations & Rules : 1994 consolidation. Markham, Ont.: Butterworths, 1994.

Chandrasekhar, S. "A History of Canadian Legislation with Respect to Immigration from India." Population Review; 1985, 29, 1­2, Jan­Dec, 11­34.

Following introductory information on Canada's area, population, history, economy, & role in world affairs, the influence on Indian immigration in the early 1900s of Swami Vivrkkananda, Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, China's Boxer Rebellion, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Co, & depressed economic conditions in India is discussed. Nondiscriminatory, liberal immigration policies were introduced in the 1960s, & the Green Paper on Immigration in 1975 led to the Immigration Act of the 1976, clearly spelling out the objectives of Canadian immigration law. Human rights legislation in 1977 prohibited grounds for discrimination & encouraged affirmative action programs. Canada is becoming a multiethnic country where all can hope for equal opportunity.

Chiswick, Barry R. ed. Immigration, language, and ethnicity : Canada and the United States Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1992.

Crepeau, Francois and Michal Barutciski. "Refugee Rights in Canada and the 1941 Geneva Convention." Journal of Refugee Studies; 1994, 7, 2­3, 239­248.

Focus here is on Canada's record of compliance with the guarantees provided in the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. Three aspects that constitute the foundation of Canada's refugee protection policy are discussed: the rights to work, social assistance, & health protection. The coherence of the Convention's protection regime is evaluated, examining interpretative difficulties regarding different catagories of refugees & different guarantees for each. Recent efforts toward reconceptualization of international refugee laws are addressed, exploring the possibility of systematizing the temporary nature of international refugee protection to encourage receiving countries to provide more extensive, long­term protection.

Danys, Milda. Lithuanian immigration to Canada after the second World War. Toronto : Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1986.

Das-Gupta, Tania. "Political Economy of Gender, Race, and Class: Looking at South Asian Immigrant Women in Canada" Canadian Ethnic Studies 1994, 26, 1, 59­73.

A political economic discussion of the relationships among class, race, & gender & their impact on the South Asian female immigrant groups working in Toronto (Ontario) & Vancouver (British Columbia). While the government's immigration policies favor selected groups as part of a strategy to encourage growth of an employable population for the exploitation of the country's rich natural resources, they also reproduce traditional gender relations, supported by the patriarchal institution of the South Asian family.

deVries, John. "Language and Ethnicity: Canadian Aspects' 231-250 in Peter S. Li, ed., Race and Ethnic Rlations in Canada. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990.

deVries, John, and Frank G. Vallee. Language Use in Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1980.

Driedger, Leo and Jacob Peters. "Identity and Social Distance" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1977, 14, 2, 158-173.

Driedger, Leo, ed. The Canadian Ethnic Mosaic: A Quest for Identity. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1978.

Fairey, Peter D. et al. Immigration law, 1994 update : materials prepared for a Continuing Legal Education seminar held in Vancouver, B.C. on October 21, 1994. Vancouver: Continuing Legal Education Society of British Columbia, 1994.

Filson, Glen. "Class and Ethnic Differences in Canadian's Attitudes to native People's Rights and Immigrants" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1983, 20, 4, 454-482.

Finnigan, Linda. Immigration law : the advocates' manual. Toronto: Community Legal Education Ontario, 1987.

Frideres, J.S. "Visible Minority Groups and Second­Language Programs: Language Adaptation" International Journal of the Sociology of Language; 1989, 80, 83­98.

The history of immigration policy in Canada from the 1950s to the present is outlined, & the nature of visible immigrant populations is explored. Findings indicate that current programs are not very effective in teaching even rudimentary English skills to immigrants. An approach that views ESL training as settlement service, rather than a strictly academic, educational, or vocational service, is urged.

Goldlust, John and Anthony H. Richmond. "A Multivariate Model of Immigrant Adaptation" International Migration Review, 1974, 8, 2, 193-225.

Goodman, Nancy. Immigration legislation : immigration law. Toronto, Ont.: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1989.

Grasmick, Joseph C. (Joseph Christian). Canada­U.S. business immigration handbook. Scarborough, Ont. : Carswell, 1991.

Halli, Shiva S., Frank Trovato and Leo Driedger. Ethnic demography: Canadian immigrant, racial and cultural variations. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990.

Hathaway, James C. "The Conundrum of Refugee Protection in Canada: From Control to Compliance to Collective Deterrence Journal of Policy History; 1992, 4, 1, 71­92.

To assess why the asylum dilemma is becoming especially burdensome, Canada's historical, context­specific response to the problem of refugees is depicted. At first, Canada accepted refugees as regular immigrants. In the mid­1960s, immigration­based refugee policy was shifted to comply with international legal rights granted to refugees, resulting in numerous refugees entering Canada, 50% of whom are not subject to immigration quotas. Canada is currently on the verge of entering a third era, in which it must decide whether to continue to accept the burden of refugees when the nation's European allies have abdicated this responsibility.

Hathaway, James C. Report of the National Consultation on Family Class Immigration (including background and discussion papers). Toronto: Centre for Refugee Studies, York University, 1994.

Hawkins, John N. et al. "Policy Issues in the Education of Minorities: A Worldwide View." Education and Urban Society; 1986, 18, 4, Aug, 395­499.

In Canada, Robert F. Lawson & Ratna Ghosh examine the complexities & contradictions of Canada's policy of multiculturalism within a bilingual framework.

Helweg, Arthur W. "India's Immigrant Professionals in Toronto, Canada: The Study of a Social Network." Population Review 1985, 29, 1­2, Jan­Dec, 67­79.

A description of the social network of an Indian professional family in Toronto, Ontario. An examination of one family's social network reveals that the telephone, automobile, & airplane enable the group to exist despite the residential dispersal of members; expatriates in Canada fulfill family obligations & participate in social functions in India even though oceans separate the immigrant from his homeland. Also, techniques used to maintain the social cohesion of this community, such as reciprocity (gift giving, entertaining, etc) are described. It is concluded that having both a support group & a group that fulfills traditional family functions are necessary in situations that are perceived as hostile.

Hoerder, Dirk. The Immigrant labor press in North America, 1840s­1970s : an annotated bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.

Immigration law reporter Agincourt, Ont. : Carswell Co. Ltd., 1987.

Isajiw, Wsevolod W. "Ethnic Identity Retention" 34-91 in Raymond Breton et al., eds., Ethnic Identity and Inequality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990.

Jensen, Joan M. Passage from India : Asian Indian immigrants in North America. New Haven : Yale University Press, 1988.

Johnson, Graham E. "Ethnic and Racial Communities in Canada and Problems of Adaptation: Chinese Canadians in the Contemporary Period." Ethnic Groups 1992, 93, 3, 151­174.

Since 1967, when restrictions on Chinese immigration were fully removed, there has been a substantial migration of Chinese to Canada from a wide array of global origins, although Hong Kong has been the major source. In contrast to the past, the cultural expression of a Chinese identity within a multicultural framework has been encouraged. Primarily resident in southern Ontario & British Columbia, Chinese Canadians fully & successfully participate in Canadian society. The community is not residentially segregated & underpinned by an ethnic subeconomy as in the past, although a network of voluntary associations are still a major feature of their structure. Prejudicial attitudes toward Chinese nevertheless remain, especially in western Canada, reminiscent of former patterns of rejection, although they occur in a different context.

Jones, Frank E. and Wallace E. Lambert. "Occupational Rank and Attitudes Towards Immigration" Public Opinion Quarterly 1965, 29, Spring, 137-144.

Joy, Annamma. Ethnicity in Canada : social accomodation and cultural persistence among the Sikhs and the Portuguese. New York: AMS Press, 1989.

Kalbach, Warren E. and Madeline A. Richard. "Ethno-religious Identity and Acculturation" 179-198 in Shiva S. Halli, Frank Trovato and Leo Driedger eds., Ethnic Demography: Canadian Immigration, Racial and Cultural Variations. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1990.

Kamen, Robert Mark. Growing up Hasidic : education and socialization in the Bobover Hasidic community. New York: AMS Press, 1985.

Krahn, Harvey, Aurelio Fernandes and Akin Adebayo. "English Language Ability and Industrial Safety among Immigrants"

Sociology and Social Research 1990, 74, 3, Apr, 182­188.

A nonprobability survey (in­person interviews combining open­ended & forced­choice questions) of 225 Portuguese, Vietnamese, & Latin­American immigrant labor force participants in Edmonton, Alberta, was used to determine the degree to which an inability to speak English might be related to the incidence of industrial accidents. Immigrant workers are overrepresented in the manufacturing & construction industries where safety risks are high, & most have an inadequate command of English, the language in which virtually all safety instruction is provided. Consequently, their knowledge of potential workplace hazards is limited, & accidents are common. Results suggest that the incidence of industrial accidents might be reduced if safety instruction was provided in more than one language, particularly since the proportion of immigrants from non­English­speaking countries to Canada is increasing.

Krause, Renate and Ron Beirnes. Current immigration practice. Winnipeg, Man.: The Law Society of Manitoba, Legal Studies, 1988.

Kurland, Richard T. Index to the decisions rendered by the Immigration Appeal Board. Toronto: Carswell, 1988.

Lalonde, Richard N. and James E. Cameron. "An Intergroup Perspective on Immigrant Acculturation with a Focus on Collective Strategies." International Journal of Psychology 1993, 28, 1, Feb, 57­74.

The impact of stigmatization on preference for immigrant collective acculturation in Canada is examined through administration of questionnaires to members of 2 ethnic groups considered more stigmatized ­ 23 black Caribbean & 22 Chinese ­ & 2 groups considered less stigmatized ­ 26 Greek & 62 Italian. First­generation immigrants were also compared with their adult children. Compared to the less stigmatized groups, the more stigmatized immigrants perceived their group at greater social disadvantage & were more in favor of collective integration. Immigrant parents identified more strongly with their ethnic group than did their children & viewed collective acculturation more favorably. The generational effect did not interact with the ethnic group effect.

Lambert, Ronald D. and James E. Curtis. "Opposition to Multiculturalism among Quebecois and English-Canadians" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1983, 20, 2, 193-207.

Law Reports Canada I.A.B. Notes. Notes of recent decisions rendered by the Immigration Appeal Board. Ottawa : Canadian Law Information Council, 1979­1989.

Lee, Wei-Na and David K. Tse. "Changing Media Consumption in a New Home: Acculturation Patterns among Hong Kong Immigrants to Canada"

Journal of Advertising 1994, 23, 1, Mar, 57­70.

Questionnaire data from Hong Kong residents, long­time & new Hong Kong immigrants to Canada, & English­speaking Caucasian Canadians (total N = 938) are used to investigate: (1) how immigrant consumers change their media consumption when they move across cultural boundaries; & (2) whether media exposure relates to consumers' acculturation of the new social norms. Findings reveal that while the immigrant groups did not increase their total media consumptions, their consumption across different media types followed both assimilation & ethnic affirmation models. This acculturation process seemed to be affected by immigrants' original media consumption behavior & language ability. Media exposure was found to relate significantly to immigrants' acculturation of the new social norms after influences due to personal characteristics were removed.

Li, Peter S. "A World Apart: The Multicultural World of Visible Minorities and the Art World of Canada." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology; 1994, 31, 4, Nov, 365­391.

The hypothesis is developed that the Canadian government's differential approach to dominant culture & minority culture art has resulted in two worlds of art, with different infrastructures & rules of operation. The high­status formal art world is dominated by European & North American art forms & funded through the Canada (arts) council. The lower­status multicultural art world has folkloric forms with immigrant & minority participation, & is funded under multicultural programs. Standards of evaluation are differentially applied to the two art streams; multicultural performances are often chosen & funded for political reasons, not artistic concerns, & nostalgic or stagnant multicultural art is encouraged, vs experimentation with new cultural expressions. The funding/patronage bifurcation in the Canadian art world artificially divides art forms & marginalizes the artistic development & products of visible minorities. Although intended to be a corrective measure for minority disadvantage, this system perpetuates the cultural hegemony of Occidental values & culture in Canada.

Li, Peter S. "Prejudice Against Asians in a Canadian City" Canadian Ethnic Studies 1979, 11, 2, 70-77.

Lindstrom­Best, Varpu. Defiant sisters : a social history of Finnish immigrant women in Canada. Toronto : Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1988.

Matas, David. Canadian immigration law. Ottawa, Ont.: Canadian Bar Association, Member Services Committee, 1986.

McNaughton, J. Craig. "Are the Humanities in Canada Too Eurocentric?" Society­Societe 1990, 14, 2, May, 17­19.

A 1989/90 survey is reported that sought to explore whether humanities scholarship in Canadian higher education is too Eurocentric. The possibility of a trend toward courses & programs geared to renewed student interest in the study of non­European (essentially Third World) philosophies, religions, music, art, literatures, & languages is investigated. Anticipating legitimate resistance to moves to reform the Eurocentric orientation of humanities scholarship, three considerations that make the survey necessary are identified: (1) the ethical imperative to ensure that aboriginal & minority immigrant communities enjoy equitable access to postsecondary programs of study & research focused on their cultural or humanities traditions; (2) the economic & political utility of capitalizing on individuals who have the ability to understand & function within the languages & cultures of nations with which Canada must trade & negotiate; & (3) the pedagogical value of exposing students to non­European ways of perceiving & managing the world.

Mercer, John. "Canadian Cities and Their Immigrants: New Realities." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1995, 538, Mar, 169­184.

An overview of the period since 1960 reveals that immigrants to Canada have been increasingly nonwhite & non­European, & exhibit greater cultural diversity than ever before. Because of this diversity & because new immigrants settle in a few metropolitan centers, Canadian society is faced with major urban changes. For instance, large numbers of children who do not speak English (or French) create an administrative & fiscal challenge for some school districts. Health care providers are faced with a new variety of patient beliefs about illness & medicine. In some urban areas, the business landscape has been transformed to meet the needs of the growing Asian population. These changes & challenges have caused some to question Canada's immigrant­absorbing ability & others to see the possibilities of economic & cultural growth.

Mullins, Mark R. "The Organizational Dilemmas of Ethnic Churches: A Case Study of Japanese Buddhism in Canada" Sociological Analysis 1988, 49, 3, fall, 217­233.

Ethnic churches encounter a number of organizational dilemmas related primarily to the tension between the old world language & culture of first­generation immigrants & those of the adopted host society. This tension & its attendant problems are analyzed based on field research conducted 1981­1984, in the Buddhist Churches of Canada, which are organizationally linked to the Mother Temple of Jodo Shinshu. Focus is on the problem of religious leadership in this ethnic religious organization, which has a highly assimilated membership, but is dependent on a religious body in Japan for its leaders.

Nagata, Judith. "Is Multiculturalism Sacred? The Power behind the Pulpit in the Religious Congregations of Southeast Asian Christians in Canada." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1987, 19, 2, 26­43.

Freedom of religious expression in Canadian society is examined from the standpoint of three sets of Southeast Asian immigrant Christians­the Filipinos, Indonesians, & Malaysian­Singaporeans­who have formed exclusive ethnic congregations in many denominations, with their attachment to Christianity used as a symbolic bid for greater acceptability in the eyes of the host society. Based on eighteen months of participant observation in nine purely ethnic congregations & four mixed ones in Toronto, Ontario, it is concluded that overall being Christian does not significantly encourage sustained social interaction among different ethnic segments, nor does it provide full opportunities for achieving status within the broader ecclesiastical structure. Rather, the free flowering of separate ethnic congregations reflects the subtle ethnic ranking of the wider society & perpetuates inequalities.

Netting, Nancy S. Immigrant women : outsiders inside Canada. Kelowna, B.C.: Multicultural Society of Kelowna, 1985.

Ng, Roxana. "Sex, Ethnicity or Class?: Some Methodological Considerations." Studies in Sexual Politics; 1984, 1, 14­45.

The debate of sex, ethnicity, & class follows two general tendencies: (1) to draw parallels between women's subordination & the subordination of ethnic minorities in advanced capitalist societies; & (2) to establish the most important determinants of socioeconomic status. Research on working class immigrant women shows that women's subordinate position as immigrants & as ethnic minorities does not have to be derived from analytic categories. When focus is on immigrant women's experience in the everyday world, the question of whether sex, ethnicity, or social class is more determinate of their position becomes irrelevant. These conclusions are based on interview data obtained between 1976 & 1980 from immigrant women (N not specified) in 2 major Canadian cities.

Noivo, Edite. "Ethnic Families and the Social Injuries of Class, Migration, Gender, Generation and Minority Group Status"

Canadian Ethnic Studies 1993, 25, 3, 66­75.

Focusing on spousal & familial relationships among 3 generations of Portuguese­Canadians, the impact of class, gender, migration, generation, & minority status on immigrant families is assessed, & the influence of the older generation's experiences on the family life choices & social mobility of the younger generations is determined. The ethnographic data, collected in Quebec in 1991, indicate that these cultural minority families generally manage to insure the economic survival of younger generations & to maintain remarkably strong family cohesion by drawing on ethnic cultural traditions & devising widespread coping strategies.

O'Brien, K.G., Jeffery G. Reitz and O.M. Kuplowska. Non-Official Languages: A Study in Canadian Multiculturalism. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1976.

Ornstein, M.D. and R.D. Sharma. Adustment and teh Economic Experience of Immigrants in Canada: 1976 Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants. Ottawa: Paper prepared for Employment and Immigration Canada, 1981.

Paredes, Milagros. "Immigrant Women and Second­Language Education: A Study of Unequal Access to Linguistic Resources" Resources for Feminist Research 1987, 16, 1, Mar, 23­27.

An analysis of the access of immigrant women in Toronto, Canada, to Eng & French lang training through government sponsored programs & community organizations, based on previous research & personal experience. The specific ways in which the organization of government lang programs produce an unequal distribution of linguistic resources are identified, & the impact of these restrictive factors is assessed. Exclusion processes are linked to issues of race, gender, & social class. Grass­roots community­based lang programs have developed that respond to the needs of the immigrant women, but state funding of these programs is inadequate. The state, through its second­lang education & funding policies, maintains an unequal distribution of resources.

Petronio, Armand A. and Carol M. Huddart. Immigration and multiculturalism. Vancouver, B.C.: Continuing Legal Education Society of British Columbia, 1989.

Pineo, Peter C. "The Social Standings of Ethnic and Racial Groupings" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1977, 14, 2, 147-157.

Pitman, Walter. Not is Not Too Late. Toronto: Report submitted to the Council of Metropolitan Toronto by Task force on Human Relations, 1977.

Ralston, Helen. "Ethnicity, Class and Gender among South Asian Women in Metro Halifax: An Exploratory Study." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1988, 20, 3, 63­83.

Data gathered in 1988 via interviews with & observation of 16 South Asian immigrant women in metropolitan Halifax, Nova Scotia, are analyzed to determine the dynamics of ethnicity, class, & gender in the actual lived relations of these women. An appraisal is made of how culturally specific notions of feminity & sexuality have been ideologically constructed to relegate South Asian women into specific roles: (1) in the domestic sphere; (2) in the paid labor market; & (3) in religious, cultural, & other social organizations. These Ss reflect the results of Canadian immigration policies & practices, which, in the interests of capitalist economic development, have favored the entrance to Canada of educated, skilled, & highly Anglicized middle class South Asians.

Richard, Madeline A. "Factors in the Marital Assimilation of Ethno-relgious Populations in Canada, 1871 and 1971" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1991, 28, 1, 99-111.

Richard, Madeline A. Ethnic Groups and Marital Choices. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1991.

Reitz, Jeffery G. The Survival of Ethnic Groups. Toronto: Mc-Graw Hill Ryerson, 1980.

Reitz, Jeffery G. and Raymond Breton. The Illusion of Difference: Realities of Ethnicity in Canada and the United States. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1994.

Richmond, Anthony H. and Warren E. Kalbach. Factors in the Adjustment of Immigrants and Their Descendants. Catalogue 99-761E. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1980.

Richmond, Anthony H. "Race Relations and Immigration: A Comparative Perspective." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 1990, 31, 3­4, Sept­Dec, 156­176.

A comparison of the impact of immigration on race & ethnic relations in GB & Canada during the last decade, focusing on race relations & immigration policies, demographic & socioeconomic factors of immigrant minorities, & causes of ethnic conflict & violence, eg, economic insecurity & high unemployment. A more liberal immigration policy, coupled with a maintenance of full employment & a promotion of equality of opportunity, would expedite social integration for minorities, rather than implementation of stricter immigration controls.

Richmond, Anthony H. Immigration and ethnic conflict. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988.

Richmond, Anthony H. Aspects of Absorption and Adaptation of Immigrants. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Service Canada, 1974.

Richmond, Anthony H. "Immigration and Unemployment in Canada and Australia" International Journal of Comparative Sociology 1984, 25, 3-4, 243-255.

Samuel, T. John and B. Woloski. "The Labour Market Experiences of Canadian Immigrants" International Migration 1985, 23, 2, 225-250.

Satzewich, Vic, ed. Deconstructing a nation : immigration, multiculturalism and racism in 90s Canada. Halifax, N.S.: Fernwood Publishing, 1992.

Satzewich, Victor and Peter S. Li. "Immigrant Labour in Canada: The Cost and Benefit of Ethnic Origin in the Job Market"

Canadian Journal of Sociology 1987, 12, 3, fall, 229­241.

Recently, John Porter's "ethnically blocked mobility" thesis, regarding Canadian society (The Vertical Mosaic, Toronto: U of Toronto Press, 1965) has been revised by A. Gordon Darroch on the ground that ethnic occupational dissimilarity tends to diminish over the census years 1931­1971. Here the effect of ethnic origin on occupational status & income are examined, using longitudinal questionnaire survey data for 4,584 immigrants entering Canada between 1969 & 1971. The findings suggest that despite a reduction of occupational status differentials over a 3­year period, income inequality increases. Since the rankings by occupational status & income are largely along racial lines, the evidence indicates income discrimination despite occupational mobility for nonwhite immigrants.

Schissel, Bernard, Richard Wanner and James S. Frideres. "Social and Economic Context and Attitudes Toward Immigrants in Canadian Cities" International Migration Review 1989, 23, 2, 289-308.

Segal, Gary L. Immigrating to Canada : who is allowed? what is required? how to do it! Vancouver: International Self­Counsel Press, 1986.

Strom, Robert et al. "Supporting the Adjustment of Immigrant Families." International Journal of Sociology of the Family 1992, 22, 1, spring, 35­43.

The educational needs of immigrant & refugee parents from Vietnam & Central/South America who had settled in Canada were examined through interviews with 48 families. Parents cited a variety of concerns, including difficulties in communication with children not fluent in the mother tongue, preservation of one's cultural heritage, & pressure to conform to Canadian standards of discipline, obedience, & teenage freedom & independence. The responses of the parents were incorporated into a multicultural parent curriculum that included discussion of orientation to public policy regarding the rights of children, group activities for goal setting, parent discussion focus groups, & family discussion about preserving customs.

Thomas, Derrick. Immigrant Imtegration and the Canadian Identity. Ottawa: Employment and Immigration Canada, 1990.

Tienhaara, Nancy. Canadian Views on Immigrants and Population: An Analysis of Post-War Gallup Polls. Ottawa: Deparment of Manpower and Immigration, 1974.

Trovato, Frank. "Violent and Accidental Mortality among Four Immigrant Groups in Canada, 1970­1972." Social Biology 1992, 39, 1­2, spring­summer, 82­101.

A number of studies confirm that immigrants' difficulties in adjusting to a new country can result in increased rates of psychiatric illness, distress, & mental hospital admissions. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the likelihood of violent & accidental mortality caused by the immigrant's background culture, social demographic characteristics, & conditions encountered in the host country. Country of origin was found to predispose Ss to suicide, but not homicide or motor vehicle accidents, but the strongest effect on immigrant mortality was associated with group membership. Future research is urged on a larger group, accounting for selectivity bias & controlling for length of residency.

Vasiliadis, Peter. Whose are you? : identity and ethnicity among the Toronto Macedonians. New York: AMS Press, 1989.

Waldman, Lorne. Immigration law : the "ins and outs" of immigration law. Toronto, Ont.: Canadian Bar Association­Ontario, 1989.

Waldman, Lorne. Immigration law and practice. Toronto: Butterworths, 1992

Woon, Yuen Fong. "Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Boundaries: The Sino­Vietnamese in Victoria, British Columbia." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology; 1985, 22, 4, Nov, 534­558.

Primordialist & circumstantialist approaches are combined to give a more accurate picture of ethnic identity & group boundary maintenance among immigrant groups in North America, using interview data collected from 30 Sino­Vietnamese households & their sponsors in Victoria, British Columbia. While instrumental needs best explain why the Sino­Vietnamese used various cultural attributes as charters to cultivate links with the local Chinese & the ethnic Vietnamese, emotional needs best explain why the Sino­Vietnamese still retained their former, narrower primordial ties, dissociating themselves on a primary level from all outsiders who were not of the same regional or ethnic origin.

Yap, Stacey G. H. Gather your strength, sisters : the emerging role of Chinese women community workers. New York: AMS Press, 1989.

Young, Margaret (Margaret Arnup). Canada's refugee status determination system. Ottawa: Canada Communication Group, 1993.