Abu-Laban, Yasmeen and Daiva Statiulis. "Ethnic Pluralism under Siege: Popular and Partisan Opposition to Multiculturalism"

Canadian Public Policy 1992, 18, 4, Dec, 365­386.

An examination of the current critiques of the federal multiculturalism policy in Canada by academics, the Spicer Commission, federal parties, & ethnic minorities. Factors accounting for attacks on the policy include the constitutional impasse, along with a shifting, though resistant ethnic power structure, & the fears linked to growing immigration & refugee pressures from Third World countries in a global context of economic decline.

Bell, David and Lorne Tepperman. The Roots of Disunity. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1979.

Black, Jerome H. and Christian Leithner. "Immigrants and Political Involvement in Canada: The Role of the Ethnic Media." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1988, 20, 1, 1­20.

The role of ethnic media in immigrant political involvement in Canada is examined. An integrative perspective envisions those institutions introducing host society norms to the newcomer, & facilitating their learning of Canadian norms of political discourse. An alternative approach anticipates negative correlations between ethnic media & political involvement, because ethnic institutions envelop the immigrant in a web of group­centered information, restricting messages about the new society. The consumption of ethnic media & the degree of political involvement are examined using data from a 1983 survey of immigrants in Toronto, Ontario (N = 469 Europeans & 176 West Indians). Some support for the integrative perspective is found with regard to print media consumption.

Black, Jerome H. "Immigrant Political Adaptation in Canada: Some Tentative Findings" Canadian Journal of Political Science 1982, 15, 1, 3-27.

Black, Jerome H. "Ethnic Minorities and mass Politics in Canada: Some Observations in the Toronto Setting" International Journal of Canadian Studies 1991, 3, 129-151.

Chui, Tina W.L., James E. Curtis and Ronald D. Lambert. "Immigrant Background and Political Participation: Examining Generational Patterns." Canadian Journal of Sociology 1991, 16, 4, fall, 375­396.

Data from the 1984 Canadian National Election Study (N = 3,380 adults) are used to test the hypothesis that immigrants participate less in mass political activities than do nonimmigrants. Multivariate analyses reveal that birthplace & length of residence show no particular effect on political participation. Only generational cohorts relate to 2 of the participation measures after controls. For some activities, the offspring of immigrants show significantly higher levels of participation than any other group. Thus, no support is found for the ideas that: deeply rooted Canadians are the most participatory, there is a progressive increase in participation with generations in the country, & the Canadian­born are more politically involved than immigrants.

Corbet, D.C. Canada's Immigration Policy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1957.

Creese, Gillian. "Immigration Policies and the Creation of an Ethnically Segmented Working Class in British Columbia, 1880­1923"

Alternate Routes 1984, 7, 1­34.

Examined is the role of Canadian immigration policies in the creation of an ethnically segmented working class in pre­WWII British Columbia. The formation of an ethnically segmented working class occurred through a complex & reciprocal process of ethnic segmentation within the labor market & the political & ideological practices of the working class. In British Columbia, state immigration policies played a crucial role in this process by according Asian immigrants, in contrast to European & American immigrants, an inferior political status as 'non­settlers' within Canada, reinforcing their marginal economic position within the labor market & placing Asian workers in a position of economic & political inferiority vis­a­vis other workers in the province. In this context, immigration policies became a focus of class conflict in British Columbia, & working class organization & consciousness developed in an ethnically segmented & racist form.

Das-Gupta, Tania. "Political Economy of Gender, Race, and Class: Looking at South Asian Immigrant Women in Canada." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1994, 26, 1, 59­73.

A political economic discussion of the relationships among class, race, & gender & their impact on the South Asian female immigrant groups working in Toronto (Ontario) & Vancouver (British Columbia). The experiences of both wage­earning & noncompensated working women from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, & Nepal are examined against the larger Canadian context of capitalist labor processes. While the government's immigration policies favor selected groups as part of a strategy to encourage growth of an employable population for the exploitation of the country's rich natural resources, they also reproduce traditional gender relations, supported by the patriarchal institution of the South Asian family.

Desbarats, Peter and Phyllis Giroux, eds. Journalism, religion and development. London, Ont: Graduate School of Journalism, University of Western Ontario, 1990.

Dirks, Gerald. Canada's Refugee Policy: Indifference or Opportunism? Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1977.

Foot, David K. "Canada's Unemployment-Immigration Linkage: Demographic, Economic, and Political Influences" Canadian Journal of Sociology 1994, 19, 4, 513-523.

Foster, Lois and Anne Seitz. "The Politicization of Language Issues in "Multicultural" Societies: Some Australian and Canadian Comparisons." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1989, 21, 3, 55­73.

The politicization of language issues in recent decades in Canada & Australia is comparatively examined. In Canada, the need to accommodate the French majority population of Quebec resulted in official bilingualism, legislative prescription & definition of multiculturalism, & an earlier entrance of language issues into politics. The opposition between official & nonofficial languages & the cultural interests they represent is thus a source of political conflict. In Australia, though linguistic diversity was never repressed, politicization of language issues emerged only after abolition of the White Australia policy; however, the less confrontational rhetoric of "access & equity" in language policy was adopted, thus avoiding the pitfalls of official multiculturalism.

Freeman, Gary P. "Migration Policy and Politics in the Receiving States." International Migration Review 1992, 26, 4(100), winter, 1144­1167.

The US, Australia, & Canada are the only countries whose migration policies still permit mass immigration, but Australia & Canada, & to a certain extent, the US, are headed toward the more restrictive policies that characterize other industrial democracies. Canada continues to expand intake in the face of popular opposition, but the new migration program gives the government more control over immigration management. The crisis in the asylum system cries out for international cooperation, but paradoxically, independent immigration policies are still the norm.

Green, Alan G. Immigration and the Postwar Canadian Economy. Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1976.

Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. The India­Canada relationship: exploring the political economic and cultural dimensions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1994.

Hawkins, Freda. Canada and Immigration: Public Policy and Public Concern. Second Edition. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988.

Hawkins, Freda. Critical Years in Immigration: Canada and Australia Compared. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1989.

Johnston, Hugh J. M. The voyage of the Komagata Maru : the Sikh challenge to Canada's colour bar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1989.

Kovacs, Tibor. Exile forever? : the life story of a Hungarian immigrant in Canada : historical and political study ­ 1931­1989. 1990.

Li, Peter S. "A World Apart: The Multicultural World of Visible Minorities and the Art World of Canada." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology; 1994, 31, 4, Nov, 365­391.

The hypothesis is developed that the Canadian government's differential approach to dominant culture & minority culture art has resulted in two worlds of art, with different infrastructures & rules of operation. The high­status formal art world is dominated by European & North American art forms & funded through the Canada (arts) council. The lower­status multicultural art world has folkloric forms with immigrant & minority participation, & is funded under multicultural programs. Standards of evaluation are differentially applied to the two art streams; multicultural performances are often chosen & funded for political reasons, not artistic concerns, & nostalgic or stagnant multicultural art is encouraged, vs experimentation with new cultural expressions. The funding/patronage bifurcation in the Canadian art world artificially divides art forms & marginalizes the artistic development & products of visible minorities. Although intended to be a corrective measure for minority disadvantage, this system perpetuates the cultural hegemony of Occidental values & culture in Canada.

Marr, William and Pierre L. Siklos. "The Link Between Immigration and Unemployment in Canada" Journal of Policy Modeling 1994, 16, 1, 1-25.

Matsuoka, Atsuko and John Sorenson. "Ethnic Identity and Social Service Delivery: Some Models Examined in Relation to Immigrants and Refugees from Ethiopia." Canadian Social Work Review 1991, 8, 2, summer, 255­268.

Data from the Canadian Employment & Immigration Commission indicate that some 10,000 Ethiopian immigrants & refugees have joined Canada's multicultural society since 1980. Four models of service delivery are considered: (1) generic services delivered by mainstream agencies; (2) services provided by ethnic organizations to their own communities; (3) multicultural services addressing the needs of broad ethnic categories, eg, African immigrants; & (4) the bridging approach, developed by the Immigrant Access Service in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in which mainstream agencies hire workers from different ethnocultural backgrounds to serve clients from similar backgrounds. The advantages of this model are outlined, especially the capability of providing help in a nondiscriminatory manner, & strategies to aid its implementation are suggested.

McNaughton, Craig J. "Are the Humanities in Canada Too Eurocentric?" Society­Societe 1990, 14, 2, May, 17­19.

A 1989/90 survey is reported that sought to explore whether humanities scholarship in Canadian higher education is too Eurocentric. Anticipating legitimate resistance to moves to reform the Eurocentric orientation of humanities scholarship, three considerations that make the survey necessary are identified: (1) the ethical imperative to ensure that aboriginal & minority immigrant communities enjoy equitable access to postsecondary programs of study & research focused on their cultural or humanities traditions; (2) the economic & political utility of capitalizing on individuals who have the ability to understand & function within the languages & cultures of nations with which Canada must trade & negotiate; & (3) the pedagogical value of exposing students to non­European ways of perceiving & managing the world.

Pal, Leslie A. Interests of the State: The Politics of Language, Multiculturalism and Feminism in Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993.

Polyzoi, Eleoussa. "Psychologists' Perceptions of the Canadian Immigrant before World War II." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1986, 18, 1, 52­65.

An examination of the image of the immigrant as portrayed in Canadian psychological & mental health literature before WWII. It is argued that members of the early Canadian psychological profession, as reflected in their research, were influenced by the social & political attitudes of the times. The immigrants, particularly those from southern & eastern Europe, were cited as a problem, as a contaminating element, if not to be excluded, at least to be biologically amalgamated. Psychologists, in their anxious concern over the impact of the immigrant influx on the dominant Anglo­Saxon character of the population, often served to influence the government through their research to develop more restrictive immigration legislation.

Prymak, Thomas M. (Thomas Michael). Maple leaf and trident : the Ukrainian Canadians during the Second World War. Toronto: Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1988.

Reitz, Jeffery G. The Survival of Ethnic Groups. Toronto: Mc-Graw Hill Ryerson, 1980.

Souglobin, Sergei. "Ethnic Politics in a Multi­Ethnic State: Canadian Immigrant Communities and Political Process." Migracijske­teme 1991, 7, 1, May, 47­58.

The relationship between ethnicity & politics is explored for the modern multiethnic federative state of Canada. Emphasis on group politics encourages the analysis of each component in the political functioning of ethnic communities. In this light the political representation & organization of Canadian ethnic structures is discussed by defining the contextual scope of potential models of distinctively ethnic political behavior. Ethnic patterns in political participation are increasingly vague, showing rapid & efficient ethnic mobility & integration. The low profile of internal ethnopolitics seems to be counterbalanced by the highly promoted but depoliticized ethnic pluralism in external Canadian ethnopolitics.

Samuel, T. John, P.M. White and J. Perreault. "National Recording Systems and the Measurement of International Migration in Canada: An Assessment." International Migration Review 1987, 21, 4, winter, 1170­1211.

A critical assessment of the adequacy of Canada's statistical sources on immigration & emigration for both scientific study & policy needs. Discussed are the relationship between immigrant data collection systems & immigration policy, & the importance of political considerations in the establishment of immigrant data collection systems. Special attention is given to the statistical sources that apply to the various categories of migrants.

Satzewich, Vic. "Racism and Canadian Immigration Policy: The Government's View of Caribbean Migration, 1962-1966" Canadian Ethnic Studies 1989, 21, 1, 77-97.

Satzewich, Vic. Racism and the Incorporation of Foriegn Labour: Farm Labour Migration to Canada Since 1945. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.

Simmons, Alan B. "Canadian Immigration Policy in the Early 1990's: A Commentary on Veuglers and Klassen's Analysis of the Breakdown in the Unemployment-Immigration Linkage" Canadian Journal of Sociology 1994, 19, 4, 525-534.

Simmons, Alan B. and Kieran Keohane. "Canadian Immigration Policy: State Strategies and the Quest for Legitimacy" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1992, 29, 4, 421-452.

Veugelers, John W.P. and Thomas Klassen. "Continuity and Change in Canada's Unemployment-immigration Linkage" Canadian Journal of Sociology 1994, 19, 3, 351-369.