Abizadeh, Sohrab and Nancy Zukewich Ghalam. "Immigrants and Canadian­Born: A Consumption Behaviour Assessment." Social­Indicators­Research 1994, 32, 1, May, 49­72.

Examines the demand­side impact of immigration on the Canadian economy. Aggregate results indicate that immigrant consumption patterns approach those of the Canadian­born over time, while the disaggregate analysis provides several exceptions to this finding. While immigrants tend to behave like their Canadian­born counterparts in areas of shelter, household operation, & health care, significant differences are observed in the majority of other categories analyzed.

Akbari, Ather H. "The Public Finance Impact of Immigrant Population on Host Nations: Some Canadian Evidence." Social­Science­Quarterly 1991, 72, 2, June, 334­346.

The impact of immigrant groups of various world origins on Canadian public finance is examined from the perspective of the life­cycle theory of consumption, saving, & investment, which holds that a society with a relatively large number of young workers will experience a higher savings level. Since immigrants are usually young on arrival, it is expected that they will benefit the host country through public funds transfers. Analysis of data from the household/family file of the 1981 Canadian Census of Population reveals that, regardless of origin, immigrants benefit the Canadian­born population through the public treasury, with UK immigrants providing the highest benefit, followed by US immigrants.

Anderson, Alan B. "Series on "Immigrant Communities and Ethnic Communities in the United States and Canada" Social Forces 1993, 71, 3, March, 838-845.

A review essay on 67 books that make up the AMS Press series on immigrant & ethnic communities in the US & Canada (under the general editorship of Robert J. Theodoratus). The general theme of the series emphasizes the power that small ethnic communities have to effect social change.

Appleyard, Reginald. "International Migration and Development­An Unresolved Relationship." International Migration 1992, 30, 3­4, 251­266.

Argues that international migration flows are connected to economic flows & should be a factor in general economic planning. The immigration policies of receiving nations (the US, Canada, & Australia) are linked to their development policies & designed to maximize benefits. While many studies demonstrate the positive economic effects of immigration in these countries, the impact on sending countries, which benefit only if a development environment exists, is less clear. Development assistance should include thoughtful migration policies in addition to policies on trade, debt­management, investment, & aid.

Auld, Douglas. "Human Resources and Social Support Policy in Canada" Canadian­Public­Policy 1986, 12, Feb, 84­91.

A review of a Canadian Royal Commission report on social & human resource policy, providing a broad summary of the analysis & a critical review of the recommendations. It is suggested that issues pertaining to regional adjustment, mobility of labor, & immigration are given insufficient attention. While there are several innovative suggestions for fiscal change, the report does not provide an integrated plan for implementation.

Bai, David H. "Canadian Immigration Policy: Twentieth­Century Initiatives in Admission and Settlement." Migration­World­Magazine 1991, 19, 3, 9­13.

Drawing on government documents & secondary sources from various disciplines, immigrant settlement services & the admission aspect of policy are explored. It is argued that the provision of effective short­ & long­term services for immigrants is not only likely to contribute to economic & social development, but is a concomitant of the equalitarian pluralism implied by Canada's multiculturalism policy.

Balakrishnan, T.R. and Zheng Wu. "Home Ownership Patterns and Ethnicity in Selected Canadian Cities" Canadian Journal of Sociology 1992, 17, 4, 389-403.

Balakrishnan, T.R. "Ethnic Residential Segregation in Metropolitan Areas of Canada" Canadian Journal of Sociology 1976, 1, 4, 481-498.

Balakrishnan, T.R. "Changing Patterns in Ethnic Residential Segregation in the Metropolitan Areas of Canada" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1982, 19, 1, 92-110.

Basavarajappa, K.G. and R.B.P. Verma. "Employment Income of Immigrants in Metropolitan Areas of Canada 1980." International Migration 1989, 27, 3, Sept, 441­465.

A comparison of the relative economic situations of the immigrant & the Canadian­born populations, based on 1981 census data on employment income correlated with age, sex, education, occupation, urbanization, length of residence, & language proficiency. Results show that, as a total group, prior to adjustments for other factors, immigrant & Canadian employees have approximately equal incomes. After adjustments for age, education, & occupation among the most recent cohort (1975­1979), new source immigrants had lower employment incomes than traditional source immigrants & the Canadian­born. Support is found for the assimilation, structural pluralism, ethnic stratification & segmentation, & structural change models of immigrant economic adaptation.

Baureiss, Gunter. "Chinese Immigration, Chinese Stereotypes, and Chinese Labour." Canadian­Ethnic­Studies 1987, 19, 3, 15­34.

An examination of racism in Canada against the Chinese. Three issues are highlighted: (1) Canadian immigration policies directed toward the Chinese; (2) Chinese stereotypes; & (3) Chinese labor. It is argued that ethnocultural differences are at the root of individual & institutional discrimination, placing the Chinese into a segregated labor market within the stratified society according to arbitrarily defined characteristics. Although the Chinese played an important role in Canada's economic development, they have done so as a suppressed class, exploited by both large industry & individuals.

Baxter, David. Population and Housing in Metropolitan Vancouver: Changing Patterns of Demographics and Demand. Vancouver: The Laurier Institute, 1989.

Bollini, P. "Health Policies for Immigrant Populations in the 1990s. A Comparative Study in Seven Receiving Countries." International Migration 1992, 30, special issue, 103­119.

Presents results of a comparative study aimed at three main goals: (1) to develop a framework for analysis of immigrant & ethnic minorities' health that stresses the relation between health & migration; (2) to place the situation of individual countries in perspective; & (3) to identify the conditions that produce more adequate health policies & practices for immigrants. Examined for France, the UK, Switzerland, Italy, Sweden, the US, & Canada are immigration policies, health systems, health policies, & access to care. Results show that countries with comprehensive health systems in terms of reach & coverage tend to adopt policies that afford immigrants better access to health services.

Boyd, Monica, Chris Taylor and Paul Delaney. "Temporary Workers in Canada: A Multifaceted Program." International Migration Review 1986, 20, 4, winter, 929­950.

Important developments in the character of temporary worker flows to Canada between 1973 & 1985 are highlighted, using unpublished data analyzed by new measures. The findings reveal that a significant & growing proportion of employment authorizations are exempted from governmental procedures that link the admission of temporary workers to the Canadian labor market. In many cases, these exempt documents are being authorized for social & humanitarian programs (eg, refugee claimants, in­Canada immigrant claimants). As a result, the actual "labor recruitment" component of these authorizations is considerably less than interpreted from published statistics of employment authorizations.

Burnet, Jean R., Multiculturalism in Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Studies Directorate, 1988.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Employment

Canada, Human resource planning : a guide for employers Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1986.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Winning the human race : human resource planning for the 90s Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Are you planning to study in Canada? what you should know. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1986.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada Strategic

Policy and Planning, PEAD : Planning environment assessment document : trends and perspectives. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1988.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Public Affairs Division, Report on the consultations on immigration for 1991­1995,

September, 1990 Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Guidelines for the Immigrant Investor Program, April, 1991 Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1992.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Immigrant women. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1989.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Public Affairs Division, Success in the works: a policy paper : a labour force development strategy for Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1989.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada (Dept.). Policy and Program Development Branch. International practices Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1993.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Public Affairs

Division. Doing business in Canada : a guide to Canada's Business Immigration Program. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1989.

Canada. Employment and Immigration Canada, Policy and Program Development Branch. Recognition of foreign qualifications. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1993.

Carty, Linda and Dionne Brand. "Visible Minority" Women­A Creation of the Canadian State. Resources for Feminist Research 1988, 17, 3, Sept, 39­42.

Canadian organizations formed & sanctioned by the state to unify the women of minorities of widely different historical background, eg, the National Organization of Immigrant & Visible Minority Women & the Ontario Coalition of Visible Minority Women, are criticized here as ineffective & in conflict with the interests of the women they purport to represent. The state made the effort to organize the women's groups because it recognized the need to address & contain the increasingly politicized constituency. Rather than dealing with issues of racism, sexism, & discrimination in employment, the state redefined the agenda in order to play race & class against each other. Such organizations, it is argued, serve only to further state aims.

Christensen, Carole Pigler and Morton Weinfeld. "The Black Family in Canada: A Preliminary Exploration of Family Patterns and Inequality." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1993, 25, 3, 26­44.

Following a review of the literature on black families in North America, a general profile of the black family in Canada is constructed, focusing on the relationship among family & household type, marital status, household income, & the possible consequences for children, given the context of societal racism. Data from the 1986 census indicate that black children are more likely than white children to live in extended families, in households with incomes under $20,000, & in single­parent households. The data also indicate that black women are more often separated, divorced, or never married, & experience a particularly imbalanced sex ratio due to Canada's immigration policy. Possible reasons for these patterns are considered, & several specific policies to equalize opportunities for black families are suggested.

Darroch, A. Gordon and Wilfred G. Marston. "The Social Class Basis of Ethnic Residential Segregation: The Canadian Case" American Journal of Sociology 1971, 77, 3, 491-510.

Darroch, Gordon A. "Urban Ethnicity in Canada: Personal Assimilation and Political Communities" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1981, 18, 1, 93-100.

Denis, Ann B. "Adaptation to Multiple Subordination? Women in the Vertical Mosaic." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1986, 18, 3, 61­74.

Patterns of paid labor force participation of native­born & foreign­born Canadian Fs of selected ethnic origins & immigration status are examined as bases for status group formation in twentieth­century Canada. The relations of domination & subordination among such groups are considered together with their possible impact on paid employment. The hypothesis is only partially supported, suggesting that the influence of gender, ethnicity, & immigrant status on F labor force participation be reevaluated.

Driedger, Leo and Glenn Church. "Residential Segregation and Institutional Completeness: A Comparison of Ethnic Minorities" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1974, 11, 1, 30-52.

Foster, Lois and Anne Seitz. "The Politicization of Language Issues in "Multicultural" Societies: Some Australian and Canadian Comparisons" Canadian Ethnic Studies 1989, 21, 3, 55­73.

The politicization of language issues in recent decades in Canada & Australia is comparatively examined. Though both nations share the British colonial legacy of English as the official language, & both have witnessed large & increasingly ethnically diverse immigration, some differences in respective national treatments of language as a collective & individual resource are noted.

Freeman, Gary P. "Migration Policy and Politics in the Receiving States." International Migration Review 1992, 26, 4(100), winter, 1144­1167.

The US, Australia, & Canada are the only countries whose migration policies still permit mass immigration, but Australia & Canada, & to a certain extent, the US, are headed toward the more restrictive policies that characterize other industrial democracies. In Western Europe, since the cessation of active recruitment of migrant labor in the 1970s, asylum applications have skyrocketed. Asylum & immigration issues present problems for a single European Market & the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty. The crisis in the asylum system cries out for international cooperation, but paradoxically, independent immigration policies are still the norm.

Goza, Franklin. "Brazilian Immigration to North America" International Migration Review 1994, 28, 1(105), spring, 136­152.

Interviews conducted in 1990/91 in Toronto, Ontario, & a mid­sized city in the northern US are used to compare the labor force activities of Brazilian­born residents (N = 195 each city). Social adaptation in North America is examined by exploring linguistic & cultural dimensions. Future aspirations of these immigrants are considered.

Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston. The India­Canada relationship : exploring the political economic and cultural dimensions. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994.

Isajiw, Wsevolod W., Aydan Sev'er and Leo Driedger. "Ethnic Identity and Social Mobility: A Test of the 'Drawback' Model" Canadian Journal of Sociology 1993, 18, 2, 179-198.

Lalonde, Richard N. and James E. Cameron. "An Intergroup Perspective on Immigration Acculturation with a Focus on Collective Strategies" International Journal of Psychology 1993, 28, 1, 57-74.

Kordan, Bohdan S. "The Intelligentsia and the Development of Ukrainian Ethnic Consciousness in Canada: A Prolegomenon to Research" Journal of Ethnic Studies 1985, 13, summer, 1-17.

The evolution of Ukrainian ethnic consciousness in Canada cannot be viewed as a natural & automatic process but, rather, must be seen as a product of the social context in which Ukrainian immigrant­laborers & intelligentsia operated. Focusing on the intelligentsia, the manner in which the group was transformed into a new social class is described, emphasizing the link between social class & ethnicity. It is suggested that the adoption of nationalism was the next logical step in the process.

Krahn, Harvey, Aurelio Fernandes and Akin Adebayo. "English Language Ability and Industrial Safety among Immigrants" Sociology and Social Research 1990, 74, 3, Apr, 182­188.

A nonprobability survey (in­person interviews combining open­ended & forced­choice questions) of 225 Portuguese, Vietnamese, & Latin­American immigrant labor force participants in Edmonton, Alberta, was used to determine the degree to which an inability to speak English might be related to the incidence of industrial accidents. Results suggest that the incidence of industrial accidents might be reduced if safety instruction was provided in more than one language, particularly since the proportion of immigrants from non­English­speaking countries to Canada is increasing.

Lee, Wei-Na, David K. Tse. "Changing Media Consumption in a New Home: Acculturation Patterns among Hong Kong Immigrants to Canada" Journal­of­Advertising 1994, 23, 1, Mar, 57­70.

Questionnaire data from Hong Kong residents, long­time & new Hong Kong immigrants to Canada, & English­speaking Caucasian Canadians (total N = 938) are used to investigate: (1) how immigrant consumers change their media consumption when they move across cultural boundaries; & (2) whether media exposure relates to consumers' acculturation of the new social norms. Findings reveal that while the immigrant groups did not increase their total media consumptions, their consumption across different media types followed both assimilation & ethnic affirmation models.

Li, Peter S. "Unneighborly Houses or Unwelcome Chinese: The Social Construction of Race in the Battle over 'Monster Homes" in Vancouver, Canada" International Journal of Comparative Race and Ethnic Studies 1994, 1, 14-33.

Mangalam, J.J. "The Komagata Maru Affair, 1917." Population Review 1985, 29, 1­2, Jan­Dec, 47­58.

In an attempt to slow Indian immigration to Canada in the early twentieth century, a policy was implemented that required passengers to travel continuously on the same boat with the same ticket to qualify for landing privileges in Canada. In response, an enterprising Sikh, Gundit Singh, chartered the Komagata Maru (refering to the Guru Nanak Jehaz) to take passengers, mostly Sikhs, for a continuous journey from India to Canada. The difficulties that arose in the course of the Komagata affair, which ended in turning back the ship & its passengers, are discussed. The impact of discrimination & prejudice in Canada on immigration policies in the 1980s is examined.

Manning, Frank E. "Carnival in the City: The Caribbeanization of Urban Landscapes." Urban Resources 1989, 5, 3, spring, 3­8.

The impact of the Caribbean carnival in the North American art world, which art historians attribute to Caribbean immigration into North American & Western Europe urban centers, is discussed, illustrating the adaptive nature of transplanted customs. Principal components of the carnival­masquerade, calypso, & steel bands­as they have emerged in Canada & the US, are described, & mainstream culture's acceptance of the festivities is considered. It is concluded that extensive cultural contact between Western urban centers & the Caribbean allows a complex adaptive process to the new environment, transforming it culturally & claiming it politically.

Marr, William L. "Are the Canadian Foreign Born Under­Represented in Canada's Occupational Structure?" International Migration 1986, 24, 4, Dec, 769­775.

An examination of the occupational distribution of Canada's foreign­born labor force in 1981 by gender & period of immigration based on census data. It is maintained that the M foreign­born have done better than the F foreign­born in finding employment in the fast growing occupations of the period 1971­1981.

Martin, Philip L. "Comparative Migration Policies" International Migration Review 1994, 28, 1(105), spring, 164­170.

General trends in migration policy in Europe are examined. As yet, no common European definition of the immigration & integration problem in Europe exists; no one country can point to its own policies as successful. All countries are coming to the realization that the policies of classical immigration destination countries ­ the US, Canada, & Australia ­ cannot be borrowed & implemented without modification in Europe. All countries understand the necessity of tailoring policy specific to their needs. The migration policies of France, Italy, GB & the Federal Republic of Germany are discussed.

Mercer, John. "Canadian Cities and Their Immigrants: New Realities"

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1995, 538, Mar, 169­184.

An overview of the period since 1960 reveals that immigrants to Canada have been increasingly nonwhite & non­European, & exhibit greater cultural diversity than ever before. Because of this diversity & because new immigrants settle in a few metropolitan centers, Canadian society is faced with major urban changes. Immigrants impact education, health care, business development, & labor markets. These changes & challenges have caused some to question Canada's immigrant­absorbing ability & others to see the possibilities of economic & cultural growth.

Moodley, Kogila A. "The Predicament of Racial Affirmative Action: A Critical Review of Equality Now." Queen's Quarterly 1984, 91, 4, winter, 795­806.

A critical analysis of issues arising from the Mar 1984 publication of the Canadian House of Commons' "Report of the Special Committee on Visible Minorities in Canada" (entitled Equality Now). The report's shortcomings include its treatment of race as an invidious distinction, its failure to distinguish between immigrants & native minorities, its notion that affirmative action can solve continuous racism, & its reliance on data produced by self­interested witnesses. It is stressed that reliance on the institution of quotas & affirmative action merely entrenches existing ethnic cleavages & permanently stigmatizes minority groups.

Naidoo, Josephine C. and Gary R. Edwards. "Combatting Racism Involving Visible Minorities: A Review of Relevant Research and Policy Development." Canadian Social Work Review 1991, 8, 2, summer, 211­236.

In an examination of racism in Canada, focus is on discrimination against South Asians & blacks living in Ontario, who are described as "victims of overt, institutional, & pervasive covert racism." Official strategies for combating racism & promoting integration of visible (by physical traits) minorities are examined. The role of social work educators & professionals in accelerating minority integration is emphasized.

Ng, Roxana. "Immigrant Women in Canada: A Socially Constructed Category." Resources for Feminist Research 1986, 15, 1, Mar, 13­15.

An analysis of the counseling & placement process at a community employment agency serving non­English speaking & black women in Canada. It is shown how the work of the agency, which was intended to improve the status of immigrant women & help them overcome labor market barriers, in fact tends to serve the state by organizing the immigrant women as a group into a particular kind of labor market "commodity." The process through which this is accomplished is examined, & a description of a typical interview between counselors & client is provided. It is concluded that the agency becomes an effective gatekeeper to the labor market, functioning to reproduce labor market stratification & hence social class divisions.

Parr, Joy, Labouring children : British immigrant apprentices to Canada, 1869­1924. Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 1994.

Ralston, Helen. "Ethnicity, Class and Gender among South Asian Women in Metro Halifax: An Exploratory Study." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1988, 20, 3, 63­83.

Data gathered in 1988 via interviews with & observation of 16 South Asian immigrant women in metropolitan Halifax, Nova Scotia, are analyzed to determine the dynamics of ethnicity, class, & gender in the actual lived relations of these women. An appraisal is made of how culturally specific notions of feminity & sexuality have been ideologically constructed to relegate South Asian women into specific roles: (1) in the domestic sphere; (2) in the paid labor market; & (3) in religious, cultural, & other social organizations. These Ss reflect the results of Canadian immigration policies & practices, which, in the interests of capitalist economic development, have favored the entrance to Canada of educated, skilled, & highly Anglicized middle class South Asians.

Ray, Brian K. and Eric Moore. "Access to Home Ownership Among Immigrant Groups in Canada" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1991, 28, 1, 1-29.

Reitz, Jeffery G. The Survival of Ethnic Groups. Toronto: Mc-Graw Hill Ryerson, 1980.

Richmond, Anthony H. "Foreign­Born Labour in Canada: Past Patterns, Emerging Trends, and Implications." Regional Development Dialogue 1991, 12, 3, autumn, 145­161.

Segmented structural change resulting in stratified labor markets characterize Canada's absorption of immigrants. Among the features of Canada's immigrant law are temporary employment authorizations (not like Germany's guest­worker program), promotion of business immigration, & humanitarian admission of refugees (plagued by a backlog of applications). Guided by general public support of multiculturalism, immigration policy effects are unevenly distributed by region, gender, ethnicity, & immigration period.

Richmond, Anthony H. "Race Relations and Immigration: A Comparative Perspective." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 1990, 31, 3­4, Sept­Dec, 156­176.

A comparison of the impact of immigration on race & ethnic relations in GB & Canada during the last decade, focusing on race relations & immigration policies, demographic & socioeconomic factors of immigrant minorities, & causes of ethnic conflict & violence, eg, economic insecurity & high unemployment. A more liberal immigration policy, coupled with a maintenance of full employment & a promotion of equality of opportunity, would expedite social integration for minorities, rather than implementation of stricter immigration controls.

Richmond, Anthony H. "Immigration and Structural Change: The Canadian Experience, 1971­1986." International Migration Review 1992, 26, 4(100), winter, 1200­1221.

A"segmented structural change" model for describing the adaptation of immigrants to the Canadian labor market is developed, recognizing the multiway movement of highly qualified immigrants. The analysis demonstrates that none of the seven alternative theoretical models of immigrant adaptation considered fully explains the empirical data on immigrant labor distribution.

Robertson, Matthew. "Temporary Layoffs and Unemployment in Canada"

Industrial Relations 1989, 28, 1, winter, 82­90.

Data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey, records of employment, & other administrative sources indicate a significant effect of temporary employment separations on unemployment in Canada's labor market, contrary to K. B. Clark's & L. H. Summers's US study results ("Labor Market Dynamics and Unemployment: A Reconsideration," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1979, 1, 13­60). It is estimated that about 35% of the currently unemployed in Canada will be recalled by their former employers. Temporary layoffs & unemployment account for a large % of the unemployed & for variations in the unemployment rate.

Rosenberg, M. Michael and Jack Jedwab "Institutional Completeness, Ethnic Organizational Style and the Role of the State: The Jewish, Italian and Greek Communities of Montreal" Canadian Review Sociology and Anthropology 1992, 29, 3, 266-287.

Samuel, T. John. "Asian and Pacific Migration: The Canadian Experience." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1994, 3, 2­3, 465­495.

Examines the characteristics of landed immigrants (permanent settlers) to Canada from Asia & explores their settlement, adaptation, & integration experience, based on census & other official data. Generally speaking, Asian immigrants have adapted & integrated well. Yet access to Canadian territory as permanent residents, or access to Canadian citizenship, does not necessarily mean access to equal opportunity in the economy & society, though to a certain extent, Canada may have succeeded more than Australia.

Samuel, T. John. "Family Class Immigrants to Canada, 1981­1984, Part 1: Labour Force Activity Aspects." International Migration 1988, 26, 2, June, 171­186.

An investigation of labor force participation, employment, unemployment, & earnings of family class immigrants in Canada is presented. Results were weighted with respect to the source population, & merged with selected administrative data (gender, years of schooling, etc). It is concluded that concerns that family class immigrants are becoming a burden to society are unfounded: most turn to relatives for economic support rather than the government.

Samuel, T. John and Tom Conyers. "The Employment Effects of Immigration: A Balance Sheet Approach." International Migration 1987, 25, 3, Sept, 283­290.

To explore whether immigration is likely to exacerbate or relieve unemployment in Canada, secondary data are used to create a "balance sheet" of 1983­1985 immigration in terms of an increase in supply of & demand for labor, either through jobs created by immigrants or through their consumption of goods & services. It is concluded that immigrants may actually improve employment opportunities; thus immigration should be seen in a more positive light.

Samuel, T.J. and B. Woloski. "The Labour Market Experiences of Canadian Immigrants." International Migration 1985, 23, 2, June, 225­250.

A comparison of adaptation processes into the Canadian labor force during 1980 & 1982, using an immigrant sample (N = 3,687) & a Canadian cohort (N = 2,796), both randomly selected from social security record files. After allowing for the serious economic crisis at the time, the data suggest that immigrants were adapting satisfactorily. Nevertheless, a considerable discrepancy in earnings favored Canadians over immigrants, & men over women in both samples.

Santamaria, Ulysses and Kristin Couper. "The Making of the Multi­Racial Society in the United Kingdom: Strategies and Perspectives." Social Science Information 1985, 24, 1, Mar, 145­159.

About 4% of the UK population­ie, 2 million people­are of Pakistani & "New Commonwealth" origin (British Commonwealth countries, excluding Australia, Canada, & New Zealand). Current official statistics show that these ethnic minorities have not advanced in housing & employment since the 1950s. Although the open door to immigrants was effectively closed by the GB Nationality Act of 1981, those who entered before this date have a variety of cultures, languages, & religions, which challenge the traditional definition of the nation­state as a people with a common origin, history, & language.

Simmons, Alan B. and Kieran Keohane. "Canadian Immigration Policy: State Strategies and the Quest for Legitimacy." Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology; 1992, 29, 4, Nov, 421­452.

Although the state may appear to be a hegemonic, self­interested leader in directing immigration policy in Canada, challenges from various interest groups influence outcomes. Here, policy formulations, 1986­1990, concerning laws restricting refugee inflows are examined, identifying the main influential actors & tracing power flows in communications resulting in policy decisions. After a review of the literature, interviews with actors from various ethnic groups, humanitarian organizations, the provinces, labor, & capital, & participant observation in immigration policy consultative meetings, it is found that seemingly high immigration targets are a concession to pressure from interest groups.

Taylor, K.W. "Racism in Canadian Immigration Policy." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1991, 23, 1, 1­20.

An investigation of whether the explicit racist immigration discrimination policy that prevailed in Canada during 1885­1962 became more egalitarian subsequent to 1962 through regulations requiring that all immigrants be treated equally. A review of official data on immigration, deportations, & employment authorization suggests that presently nonwhites & non­Europeans are not discriminated against in immigration policy. However, research is recommended on other forms of discrimination, eg, class­based discrimination.

Trovato, Frank and Carl F. Grindstaff. "Economic Status: A Census Analysis of Immigrant Women at AGe Thirty in Canada" Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 1986, 23, 4, 569-587.

Ungerleider,­Charles­S. "Immigration, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship: The Development of the Canadian Social Justice Infrastructure." Canadian Ethnic Studies 1992, 24, 3, 7­22.

Examined are Canadian policies & practices associated with citizenship, immigration, bilingualism, human rights, & multiculturalism, arguing that these policies & practices have established a social justice infrastructure in Canadian society. It is shown that the concept of Canadian citizenship is inextricably connected to Canadian immigration policies, the relations between French & English, & the status of treaty Indians & Inuit. It is concluded that social justice can be substantially enhanced in Canada by intensifying efforts to achieve confluence among policies.

Werner, Heinz. "Post­War Labour Migration in Western Europe: An Overview." International Migration 1986, 24, 3, Sept, 543­557.

An overview of the evolution, current trends, & prospective developments of postwar European labor migration. It is demonstrated that the migration policies of Western Europe came to emphasize stricter control of immigration & to encourage return migration in times of economic recession. Four types of migration­from short­term to settlement­are distinguished, & the effect of legislation on the free movement of labor within the European community is considered. The experience of traditional immigration countries, eg, the US, Canada, & Australia, is compared to that of Western European countries.

Winchie, Diana B. and David W. Carment. "Migration and Motivation: The Migrant's Perspective." International Migration Review 1989, 23, 1(85), spring, 96­104.

To study reasons for migration, expected gains, & reasons for choosing a country, mail questionnaire data from 362 Indian males who had applied for Canadian immigrant visas at the Canadian High Commission in India in 1979/80 were analyzed. The most important reasons for emigration from India were lack of advancement opportunities in work & lack of suitable employment opportunities; expected gains were career­related; & reasons for choosing Canada were presence of relatives or friends in Canada & various career­related motives. Monetary gain was not the primary reason for any of the three questions, contradicting many research studies.

Worsick, Christopher, Is there a double­negative effect on the earnings of immigrant women? Kingston, Ont.: Industrial Relations Centre, Queen's University, 1990.

Yap, Stacey G. H. Gather your strength, sisters : the emerging role of Chinese women community workers. New York: AMS Press, 1989.